Entropy Analysis of Seasonal Groundwater Level Fluctuations for Delhi and Haridwar Regions of India Using Grace Satellite Data

Abstract

Groundwater monitoring and its spatio-temporal study require installation and management of ground-based observation wells on a large scale. The cost associated with such a study is generally high. An alternative to it is to use remote sensing data to manage groundwater resources in the least cost. There are only a few satellites which can provide gravity-based groundwater data. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) is a satellite which measures the change in gravity and is further used to study groundwater fluctuations. In the present study, groundwater fluctuations data (Product of GRACE satellite data) for Haridwar and Delhi region of India has been used to study the temporal and spatial variability using entropy theory. The temporal data from 2003 to 2016 has been used for both regions. The results suggested that the groundwater fluctuations are increasing in both regions of the study area. Results suggested that fluctuation of groundwater was high for the winter season of all years, but in the post-monsoon season, the fluctuation in between Delhi and Hardwar has been detected just about same Seasonal fluctuation in water level for both regions showed a maximum rise of 60 cm in water level and also maximum fall in the same range.