Journal of Water Engineering and Management
Nano Hydroxyapatite: A Promising Material for Wastewater Remediation
In recent years, increasing environmental issues, particularly relating to biogenic and chemical pollution of water, have become a significant threat to both human health and the ecosystems. Clean water, which is free from pathogens and toxic chemicals, is vital to human health. The blue planet is encountering remarkable challenges in meeting the ever-increasing demands of clean water. Hence, the removal of these toxic pollutants is necessary and. has attracted considerable efforts particularly via adsorption technology. The aim of this review is to summarize other synthesis methods and recent applications of hydroxyapatite-nanoparticles as adsorbents and catalysts. With the advances in materials science and nanotechnology, new materials have been regularly fabricated for several purposes. Hydroxyapatite is among the most representative ceramic materials and considered promising for long-term containment of toxic pollutants due to its large surface area, high reactivity, catalytic potential and presence of a large number of active sites. Surface properties of synthetic well-crystallized hydroxyapatite were also investigated by many researchers. Normally, two models of adsorption isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir) are employed to correlate the data in order to understand the adsorption mechanism. The study on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanopowder made from fish waste (skin, bones, and scales) has brought to its beneficial use as an adsorbent even for lead removal in water. These novel materials promise a feasible advance in the development of new, easy to handle and low-cost water purifying methods. The wastewater parametric conditions and the synthesized hydroxyapatite-based materials covered herein are expected to inspire and stimulate further applications of nanoceramic-based materials in the environmental science.
Estimating Water Surface Elevation using HEC-RAS, HEC-GEORAS, Space and Ground Observation in the River Ganga and Yamuna at Sangam, Allahabad
Flood is a natural disaster which results in huge economic loss. Many parts of the country were influenced because of the flood. Floods usually occur past mid-monsoon when the catchment is wet and has no more space to absorb water. Heavy precipitation, usually coming during the end months of the summer season and is associated with sudden cloudbursts, leads to severe flooding. The present study describes the application of the HEC-RAS Model for flood studies in the rivers Ganga and Yamuna at Sangam Allahabad. The peak flood records were used as inputs into the HEC RAS model to find out the resultant expected flood levels. The resultant output generated by the model shows that bunds are safe on maximum river lengths. River stations between 42.5 km to 37.5 km from Sangam on the river Yamuna and the river stations between 57.5 km to 52.5 km (near the upstream end of Ganga), 7.5 km to 6 km (Near Sangam) and 27 km to 36 km (near the downstream of G+Y) on the river Ganga in vulnerable conditions. This study was done for the return periods of 25 years, 50 years and 100 years on the rivers Yamuna and Ganga near Sangam. The purpose is to give a hand to policymakers, planners and insurers, to develop a robust strategy for the development of flood mitigation measures and plans to minimize the losses associated with the flood problems in the study area.
Climate Change and Hydrological Risk Assessment : Probable Maximum Preci pitation Analysis in the Sindh Basin
The Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is the theoretical maximum precipitation that could occur over a given area during a specified period and is commonly used in designs of hydraulic structures such as dams, spillways, weirs, barrages levees etc. Climate change affects the PMP, as warming temperatures can increase the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere and alter precipitation patterns. Hershfield method was applied to estimate the PMP of daily maximum rainfall data over 32 years (1991-2022) in the Sindh basin. This paper investigates the possible spatio-temporal change in PMP over the Sindh basin under changing climate. To capture this change in PMP, 1-day, 2-day and 3-day PMPmaps are developed for the entire Sindh basin for four time periods, spanning over 110 years from past to future – one historical period, viz. (1991– 2022) and three future periods, viz. near-future (2025–2050), future (2051–2075) and far-future (2076–2100), following four possible climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3- 7.0 and SSP5- 8.5). These PMP maps, especially the historical and its future projections will serve as a piece of important information for the design engineers and hydro-meteorologists for revised planning and designing various major water-energy infrastructures in the context of climate change. The performance evaluation of thirteen climatic models was done with reference to observed IMD data using three performance indices (NSE, 2 PBIAS, R ) for mean annual precipitation from 1991 to 2014. The comparison between different scenarios also revealed that precipitation value is decreasing in case of 1-day PMPvariation for all scenarios in the near future, future and far future. SSP1-2.6 scenario shows a maximum decrease in precipitation in the case of 1- day and 2-day PMP variation for all three futures. The historical and future PMP maps were created using IMD-observed daily precipitation data. In this study, a distinct decreasing trend in PMP for all the periods in future in most of the region was found.
Characterization of Biophysical Parameters of South Bihar using Satellite data
In the present research work, an attempt has been made to characterize the biophysical parameters in the South Bihar region of eastern India using remotely sensed data and GIS techniques to understand the terrain conditions. The Landsat-8 satellite images has been used to measure vegetation cover, soil moisture, surface water and hydrogeomorphological parameters of the terrain and their conditions. All the terrain parameters were classified using the standard band combination to create the Indices which shown the density of land use/ land cover along with field hydrological and meteorological data to understand the rainfall distribution of the region. The primary findings from the present work shown important characters and distribution of all the biophysical parameters such NDVI, NDWI, NDMI , SAVI and rainfall provides very important information about the terrain for further detail investigation to see the long term impact if natural and manmade activity on climate and natural resources of the region.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Water Engineering and Management
Assessment of the Effect of Climate Change on the Hydrology in Seti Gandaki River Basin : A Case Study of Seti Khola Hydropower Project
Climate change poses substantial challenges for the development of hydropower. In this country, there are numerous perennial rivers that are unused. Understanding past, present, and future changes in temperature and precipitation will help to adapt to climate change. Using the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, this study investigates how rainfall, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature have been impacted by climate change in the Seti Gandaki River, Nepal. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was set up for this study with a calibration period from 2009 to 2015 and a validation period from 2015 to 2018, both with a 3- year warm-up period. Temperature and precipitation projections for the future were obtained from the Canadian Earth System Model Version 2 (CanESM2). Using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), large-scale atmospheric variables from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research reanalysis (NCEP/NCAR) datasets were downscaled for several emission scenarios. Two distinct scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the CanESM2 model, were applied to observe the change in precipitation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature for future periods (2022-2040, 2046-2064). In the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the years 2022–2040, respectively, it was found that precipitation would drop by 3% and 1.07% annually, the maximum temperature would fall by 0.03% and increase by 0.11%, and the minimum temperature would rise by 0.37% and 0.44%. Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, for the years 2046–2064, precipitation would drop by 5.07% and 0.57%, the maximum temperature would increase by 0.08% and 0.21%, and the minimum temperature would also increase by 1.45% and 1.60%. Additionally there has been a noticeable drop in flow.
Evaluation of Dynamic Rating Curve Approaches to Estimate Discharge using Ultrasonic Sensors : A Case Study at Om Chhu in Bhutan
Unsteady flow measurement in the natural river systems have remained one of the most challenging hydraulic problems. Despite several attempts, there is not even a method that has proven satisfactory to quantify the flow during unsteady conditions. Hydromet station adopts the rating curve to convert the flow depth to discharge in most cases. With the recent advancement in the field of Internet of Things (IoT), sensors are widely available to record the flow depth at a small temporal resolution. In the present study, IoTs and hydrometry were integrated to automatize the discharge estimation through non-contact technique coupling with dynamic rating curve formulae (DRcF) in the Himalayan river. The presented idea is suitable to quantify flow, especially in the Himalayan river with rapid flow characterized by high turbulence and velocity, because only a non-contact method is feasible. A pilot gauging station was established in Om chhu using an ultrasonic sensor to obtain the stage data that serves as the input to the DRcF. A comparative evaluation of DRcF revealed that all the DRcF selected estimated discharge without any inconsistencies or stability issues, although a few models were implicit.
Biofilm in Drinking Water Distribution System
Biofilms associated with drinking water are ubiquitous, harbouring bacterial pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, parasitic protozoa, viruses, and toxins releasing fungi and algae. Microbial consortia in contact with drinking water have significant impacts on water quality and may threaten human health when contamination events occur. As one factor becomes more dominant over another, the biofilm will react to this change. The extent of biofilm development is dependent on a complex interaction of all of the factors which are discussed in this paper. Access to safe water continues to be a target for developing countries. It is important, therefore, to understand how each factor interacts with the others to efficiently control biofilm formation in distribution systems to provide safe drinking water for human health.
Hydrodynamics and Siltation Study using MIKE 21 for Proposed Channel on South of Ennore,Chennai, Tamil Nadu
In the Coastal region, the ports have become an important part of the development of the Coastal Region. In the study hydrodynamics and Siltation at the south of Ennore port. In the Coastal region, the ports or harbour has become an important part of the development of the coastal Region. In which many factors are important such as constructing the jetties, Breakwater, etc Due to the drastic change in the water many issues have been occurred such as siltation, sedimentation, Erosion, high water level etc. In this study, a channel has been proposed in the south of Ennore port for the development of the coastal region. Because the depth near the port is not sufficient for the huge ships to enter the port. Due to which the Economic aspect of Ennore Chennai gets affected. It was also being observed the change in the depth near the port due to the proposed channel. In this study, a -10m channel has been proposed in the Ennore port by the process of dredging. Due to which the total bed thickness changed slightly to about 0.5 m. Other parameters such as surface Elevation, Current Speed, SSC (Suspended Sediment Concentration) has been slightly changed. And for Mud Transport result there is slightly different in the siltation in the all four points in the Ennore port. Before the dredging, it is slightly high after dredging it is reduced. For further studies, it can be done at the port by taking different depths and calculating the seabed for dredging and will provide us accurate Solution.
Optimization of Returns from Land and Water Resources of a River Basin : A Case Study
As every area on the surface of earth is getting populated very rapidly, much water is required in domestic and industrial sectors. Accordingly, the water needs to be diverted from one sectors to the others in future. Due to this in irrigation sector, the water is needed to be diverted so as to have maximum return from the resources available in a river basin. Due to this in an agro-climatic condition, crops should be allocated optimally so that return from the crops are maximum and water consumption is minimum. In view of the above, in the present study, the return from the available crops has been maximized in the river basin while satisfying availability of land, availability of water (both surface as well as ground water), minimum as well as maximum crop area for the projected population of 2050AD. For this purpose, the Ramial Sub-basin of Brahmani Basin in Odisha State has been considered. For optimization of land and water resources of the basin the software LINDO (Language for Interactive Discrete Optimizer) is used. For the purpose of estimation CWR (Crop water requirement) the guidelines of FAO, 1998 has been considered. The model shows that the optimal cropping pattern uses 3186.95 MCM of water and gives a net profit of Rs 183489.2 lakhs. When compared with the existing cropping pattern, it uses 4033.21 MCM of water while giving Rs 114930 lakhs profit. Hence cropping pattern using optimization techniques is suggested to be used in every river basin.
Hydrodynamics and Sediment Modelling for a Fishery Harbour at Konkan Region of Maharashtra, India
Coastal regions are among the most important places for urban development and industrial expansion. However, the system is active and it must be well examined before any infrastructure is planned, to avoid harm from natural processes like degradation, sedimentation, and sometimes sea-generated natural disasters. Numerical modelling of the coast to forecast the area's natural parameters is an important technique for assessing these systems. Coastal regions are of critical importance to most of the world's citizens with a significant bearing on economic activities. In the present study, a well-calibrated mathematical model of Vengurla, Maharashtra, has been developed using MIKE 21 flexible mesh software, with the latest prototype data and also carried out 2-D hydrodynamic studies for the proposed 500m breakwater and approach channel. The simulated model will be tangled with the sediment transport model to ascertain the likely pattern of siltation in the area. After studying the Hydrodynamic model, it was observed that in existing conditions, currents varied in the range 0-0.02 m/sec inside the Vengurla creek and 0-0.15 m/sec in the seawater and currents under the proposed condition varied in the range 0-0.029 m/sec inside the Vengurla creek and 0-0.22 m/sec in the seawater. No severe circulation or eddies were observed near the beach area in the existing condition as well as in the proposed condition, hence no siltation have occurred in that area. From the sediment model, it was observed that there is not much siltation/erosion after the construction of the proposed breakwater and deepening of the approach channel.
A Detailed Analytical Study of Flood Management in Eastern and North-Eastern India and Bangladesh
This paper studies the causes, features and management measures for floods in eastern and north-eastern India and Bangladesh. An exposition of the climatic, topographical, hydrogeological, riverine and other relevant features of the region, placed in the context of floods and flood management, is present in this paper. The ambit of the paper is north-eastern India, West Bengal and Bangladesh.
Ceramic Waste as Supplementary Cementitious Material in Concrete- Review of Current Practices
Due to the rising demand for cement in building, it is necessary to cut cement output by partially substituting cement with alternative materials. When waste material is utilised to make cement, the cost is lowered and the environmental impact is Favourable. The amount of cement produced emits the same amount of CO2 as the amount of lime stone used, resulting in a very unfavorable environmental effect. The purpose of this study is to reduce the environmental impact and cement consumption in concrete by using ceramic material as a supplemental cementitious material. These studies initially explore the Pozzolanic activity of ceramic electrical insulator waste material using three tests: strength activity test, Frattini test, and saturated lime test. According to these discoveries in ceramic electrical insulator material, Pozzolanic activity of material has been revealed, and it may be replaced up to 20% in mortar; nevertheless, more research, such as durability, is required. Following the successful completion of the Pozzolanic activity test in mortar, research is conducted in concrete for the same ceramic electrical insulator material partial replacement with cement in the concrete, and its mechanical properties, workability, durability. Cement has been largely substituted in concrete with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ceramic waste, respectively. Investigate the test performance in concrete for the exploitation of these ceramic waste, here workability test (by slump cone test), mechanical properties test (compressive strength test, flexural strength test. According to the results of the workability test, mechanical properties test, durability test, and micro-structure analysis, the ceramic waste material performs better up to 15% (Fifteen percent) replacement of ceramic waste, and higher than 15%, i.e. 20% or more, does not perform better. According to these findings, ceramic waste can replace up to 15% of cement in future applications; however, more study is needed. Because the ceramic has a low specific gravity (poor workability), the procedure is carried out with a low water cement ratio and fine dancing particle.
Identification of Inconsistencies in Historic Rainfall Records of the Himalayas of Bhutan
This study focuses on revisiting the old technique of testing the consistency of historic precipitation data from the Himalayas of Bhutan through a double mass curve (DMC) and residual curve (RC). The method of least square and regression analysis is employed to supplement by providing a statistical means to quantify and justify the inconsistency in the data. Inconsistency in the dataset may arise due to natural or anthropogenic activities and implies the change of precipitation regime over the region compared to the meteorologically homogeneous region or the change in method to collect data. As the precipitation data is pivotal for an assessment of water resources over the Himalayan catchments, testing the historical dataset for consistency is imperative when the data was collected manually. Precipitation data is limited in the country in both the time and space domain as the installation of dense rain gauge for precipitation measurement is challenging. Moreover, maintaining it would be extremely costly and difficult owing to the tough Himalayas terrain. It is vital to investigate the quality of available limited datasets and recommend the best method for rectifying the inconsistency thus capitalizing on the limited resources before progressing with the assessment. The test results are presented in four categories: Best, Good, Satisfactory and Poor category. It is observed that maximum stations fall in Good (32%) and least in Satisfactory (15%) with a sufficient number in Best (29%). It can be concluded that more of the Class C stations shows discontinuity when compared with class Astations AWS (Automatic Weather Station) stations. Further, it is proven that consistent data are also statistically homogeneous. Furthermore, this research puts forward an innovative approach of grouping stations for consistency tests based on the frequency of rainfall events. The result provides an avenue to apply robust algorithms to estimate the missing data since the stations are categorically tagged with their quality.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Assessment of Ground Water Quality in Hussainsagar Catchment Area, Hyderabad, India
Groundwater quality mapping is often a complex problem due to uneven distribution of monitoring stations, variation in sampling frequency, hydrology, water quality, soil chemistry, etc. Numerical modeling is commonly used for mapping groundwater quality. As an alternative, in the present study, multivariate statistical approach is used to interpret ground water quality of Hussainsagar catchment area of Hyderabad, India. Ground water quality data was collected from Telangana State Ground Water Department which consists of analytical results from 2010 to 2016. Fourteen quality parameters are considered for 25 sampling sites for both pre monsoon and post monsoon period separately. The dataset was analysed using Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA). CA formed three groups of similarity among the sampling sites representing the different physicochemical characteristics of the study area. Results of PCA showed that, four factors were responsible for the data structure explaining 78% of the total variance of the dataset in pre monsoon period and are identified as soil leaching, industrial, natural and anthropogenic Pollution. Similarly, principle components were identified as responsible for the data structure explaining 80% of the total variance in the post monsoon period and are described as soil leaching, industrial, natural pollution and weathering.
Assessment of Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetables in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
The aim of this study was to assess the accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and copper (Cu) are taken under the study in three common vegetables viz brinjal, cabbage and capsicum. The testing of these heavy metals was carried out as per Food Safety & Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) norms in a food analytical laboratory by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The study showed that the concentration of Pb, Hg and Cu in all three vegetables are under the permissible limit as per FSSAI standards and only the concentration of Cd in cabbage was found approximately three times (0.14 mg/kg) of the FSSAI standards (0.05 mg/kg). The concentration of Pb, Cd, Hg and Cu in Brinjal are 0.24, 0.13, 0.78, and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively and similarly, in cabbage, these were found to be 0.24, 01.4, 0.65 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively and in capsicum, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg and Cu were recorded as 0.21, 0.13, 0.98 and 0.19 mg/kg, respectively.
Food Safety & Standards Authority of India
A Review of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater in Gangetic Plain as well as in Plateau Area of the Jharkhand State of India
Across the globe, there are 107 countries and in India, 20 states and 4 Union territories have reported arseniccontaminated drinking water. Jharkhand is one of the Indian states in which nine districts (approximately 37% districts), out of 24 districts have reported arsenic-contaminated drinking water as reviewed in the different research papers. Almost, all 6 districts of the Santhal Paragana division of Jharkhand viz. Sahibganj, Pakur, Godda, Dumka, Deoghar and Jamtara have reported arsenic contamination in their drinking water and few districts of Chhotanagpur Plateau viz Giridih, Ranchi and Hazaribagh have also reported the arsenic contamination in their drinking water. One affected district (11% approximately) out of 9 districts in Jharkhand is in the Gangetic plain while 8 affected districts (88% approximately) are plateau regions. The maximum concentration of arsenic is reported at 1.5, 0.2 and 1.2 mg/l in Sahebganj, Ranchi and Deoghar districts respectively which is more than the permissible limit of World Health Organization(WHO) Standards (0.01mg/l) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (0.01mg/l). The review study reveals that the arsenic contamination in Jharkhand is not only limited to the Gangetic plain but also to the plateau region.
Evaluation of Temperature and Precipitation Changes under Climate Change Scenarios in Sikkim Himalayan region in India
Since precipitation and temperature are the major driving factors for the fragility of the Himalayan ecosystem and resources, it is crucial to understand the changes in temperature and precipitation under climate change scenarios to take appropriate adaptation measures. This work, therefore, examined the changes of precipitation and temperature under all Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) scenarios of climate change in the Sikkim Himalayan region of India. The datasets from two different global circulation models (GCMs) have been used to analyseSikkim's daily precipitation and temperature for the near, mid, and far future. The linear scaling bias correction method (LCBCM) was employed to remove the bias because of a significant difference between the raw and observed monthly climate data for both GCMs.The predictions based on bias-corrected GCMs data under all RCP scenarios indicated that Tmax and Tmin are projected to increase in the near, mid and far futures. The projection of CSIRO_MK 3.6 model indicated that the increase in Tmax from near to far ranges from 1.0 to 1.5°C, 0.8 to 2.8°C, 0.4 to 2.3°C and 0.5 to 4.2°C under the four scenarios, respectively. Similarly, the projected to increase in Tmin from near to far ranges from 1.5 to 2.0°C, 1.1 to 3.5°C, 0.5 to 3.0°C and 0.8 to 4.5°C in RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 scenarios, correspondingly. The results also showed that in climate change scenarios, the rate of precipitation is expected to increase, which could lead to the rise of snowmelt and flooding in the near future. This study is recommended to increase the number GCMs in future studies to reduce the uncertainty in future prediction and utilize the LCBC method for bias correction.
Assessment of Physico-chemical Characteristics and Phytoplankton Diversity in Pond Ecosystems of Tripura,India
Ponds play an important role in the retention of water, supply of aquatic products, and biodiversity of an area. A pond ecosystem is a composition of plants, animals, microorganisms, and the physical environment in which they live and has different elements that work to maintain ecological balance. Tripura is known for its abundant pond ecosystem, which the community manages for its livelihood purpose. In this study, three different-sized ponds were selected from the Khowai district of Tripura. The water physic-chemical properties and plankton diversity of three different sized ponds were assessed as per the standard procedure. It was observed that the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is high in the large pond, whereas the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) was found to be less in this category of the pond. However,the DO level was higher in small ponds, and the medium pond is also within the acceptable limit. The pH results also revealed that the water has become chiefly alkaline in a large pond and moderately acidic in a medium pond. During the study, 43 species of phytoplanktons from 4 families were identified. Maximum species (31) were recorded from small ponds followed by medium (17 species) and a large pond (15 species). The most dominant phytoplankton families were Chlorophyceae (37%) and Eugleanophyceae (26%) in pond ecosystems. Though the small-sized ponds are more diverse and suitable for aquatic life, however, the large-sized ponds are economically viable for this region. So, the people and Government should take some initiatives for conserving those pond ecosystems for the betterment of society.
Surface water Quality Assessment along Mahanadi River using WQI and GIS
Due to various environmental and natural or artificial disturbances, determining the purity of river water is an important task. The challenge is that getting the water quality within the standard permitted levels for drinking, industrial, and agricultural applications are deemed extremely challenging. The impact of agricultural operations and residential pollutants on Mahanadi Basin water quality was assessed. The purpose is to investigate the Mahanadi River's water quality using the water quality index method and GIS software. For an 18-year detection time, twenty parameters were collected (2000-2018). These constituents were measured to learn more about their geospatial distribution and pollution levels. A broad catchment area with 19 water quality sites was chosen because the rivers and streams pass through a geomorphic, geographical, hydrologic, and industrially diverse region. PH levels are slightly alkaline. Other parameter analysis results were compared to WHO-recommended maximum allowable limit values. In this investigation, the WQI values calculated vary from 28.28 to 60.10. The Mahanadi River has a well to poor water quality rating, according to the WQI map. However, two stations, Cuttack D/s and Paradeep, have low water quality. All ofthe other sites are in a good category. The most significant contaminants are TC, BOD, and TKN. As per Nemerow's pollution index, some parameters had greater values above the WHO's acceptable and allowed thresholds. Furthermore, Pearson's coefficient analysis demonstrated a significant and particular association between the variables under study. Despite the conflict between development and conservation, this result will undoubtedly aid policymakers in achieving sustainable environmental management.
Multivariate Statistical Approach for the Assessment of Water Quality of Mahanadi Basin,Odisha
This research paper explores spatial and temporal water quality fluctuations to examine massive and complex water quality data sets used to quantify the influence of agricultural operations and household pollution sources on the Mahanadi River in Odisha. For a ten-year sampling study, (2008-2018), data sets containing 20 parameters were collected at 19 sampling sites along the river's length. The nineteen sampling locations were also split into three groups i.e. cluster 1 represents low polluted sites, Cluster 2 represents moderately polluted sites and cluster 3 depicts high polluted sites using the hierarchical clustering approach (HCA). It shows spatial and seasonal variations that are frequently symptomatic of contamination from rainfall or other sources. It yields positive results, with three separate groups of similarity across monitoring stations representing the river system's various water quality indicators. The FA/PCA identified the five most important factors, accounting for 93.899 percent of the total variance in the data matrix, allowing the selected parameters to be grouped based on common traits and the frequency of overall changes or variances within each group to be assessed. TSS, TKN, EC, TDS, B, SAR, and Fe have all been correlated with (loading >0.7) in the 1 PC, which accounted for 43.133 % of the total variance. COD, NH3-N, Free ammonia, and fluoride were all linked to the 2"d PC, which accounted for 23.055 % of the total variation, whereas the 3"d, 4th, and 5th PCs, while accounting for 12.866 %, 8.603 %, and 6.241% of the total variation, respectively. Five separate VFs with Eigenvalues > 1 were justified by maximum variance rotation of the PC (original). This illustrates that point source, non-point source and natural occurrences are the primary cause of changes in water chemical concentrations.
Urban Flooding Assessment usin SWMM Model
To avoid the Urban Flooding scenario during rainy season, accessing the ground reality of the study area and running a SWAT analysis would help us to access and study the sub catchment parameters. The present case study of IIT Delhi campus will help us to deal to provide a solution to storm water management problem in an urbanized area. A two-dimensional (2D) SWMM model will be used to access the natural stream flow in the study area and 24 hours rainfall data is used as input parameters. This model will assess how to design an efficient drainage system and how we can overcome the flooding phenomenon. This study provides the insights that how importance it is channelized storm water flow according to natural stream flows.
Hydrodynamics and Sediment Modelling for a Fishery Harbour in Konkan Region of Maharashtra, India
Coastal regions are among the most important places for urban development and industrial expansion. However, the system is active and it must be well examined before any infrastructure is planned, to avoid harm from natural processes like degradation, sedimentation, and sometimes sea-generated natural disasters. Numerical modelling of the coast to forecast the area's natural parameters is an important technique for assessing these systems. Coastal regions are of critical importance to most of the world's citizens with a significant bearing on economic activities. In the present study, a well-calibrated mathematical model of Vengurla, Maharashtra, has been developed using MIKE 21 flexible mesh software, with the latest prototype data and also carried out 2-D hydrodynamic studies for the proposed 500m breakwater and approach channel. The simulated model will be tangled with the sediment transport model to ascertain the likely pattern of siltation in the area. After studying the Hydrodynamic model, it was observed that in existing conditions, currents varied in the range of 0-0.02 m/sec inside the Vengurla creek and 0-0.15 m/sec in the seawater and currents under the proposed condition varied in the range of 0-0.029 m/sec inside the Vengurla creek and 0- 0.22 m/sec in the seawater. No severe circulation or eddies were observed near the beach area in the existing condition as well as in the proposed condition, hence no siltation has occurred in that area. From the sediment model, it was observed that there is not much siltation/erosion after the construction of the proposed breakwater and deepening of the approach channel.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge and Draft of Arwal District Watershed based on Changing Trend of Rainfall and Population Forecasting
Increasing demand of fresh water is not only an issue in India but across the world. Rapid growth of population is a major cause of harassing the natural resources and groundwater is one of them. The methodology for groundwater resources assessment in India is mainly based on Ground Water Resources Estimation Committee,1997 and it involves assessment of annual groundwater resources recharge, annual groundwater draft (utilization) and the percentage of utilization with respect to recharge (stage of development). The assessment units (blocks/watersheds) are categorized based on stage of groundwater development (utilization) and the long term water level trend. This study estimates the recharge and draft of Groundwater in Arwal District due to uses for irrigation, domestic and industrial uses, etc. The characteristic of annual rainfall, monsoon rainfall and non-monsoon rainfall were analyzed. The average annual rainfall of Arwal district is 743.05 mm, monsoon rainfall as 654.18 mm and non-monsoon rainfall was recorded as 66.87 mm. Groundwater recharge was estimated at 49766.15 ha-m and draft was determined as 52973.15 ham. Population study of district was forecasted using Geographical Increased method. Based on this study results, the total annual demand of water for Domestic purposes was estimated at 41.09 MCM. Draft of groundwater was observed more than recharge of groundwater. This needs proper planning and management of existing groundwater resources.
Integrative Approach for Designing the Collection System Network for Malappuram City, Kerala using MIKE+ Model
MIKE+ model is used to design the collection system of Malappuram city situated at 54 km south west of Calicut and 90 km North West of Palakkad of Kerala state. The shapefile of the study area, SRTM 30m Digital Elevation Model, and rainfall data for the years 2017-2020 were collected and added as layers in MIKE+. Through manhole digitization followed by link creation, catchment delineation, catchment connection, and various boundary conditions, the rainfall-runoff model and catchment discharge by rational formula were determined. In Malappuram city, there are nine outlets, majority of sewers are delivering water to outlets at nodes 1156, 2344, and 2955 to reduce the burden of waste. According to the diameter of the manholes, the collection system was observed to be overdesigned, but it is capable of collecting all wastewater from each residence and catchment runoff to outlets without the need of pumps by gravity flow. In future perspective, if the water level exceeds the set critical level, mainly for the trunks sewer Aand G, it will be a point of concern and requires attention.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of Water Discharge using the Performance Indicator in the Canals of the Nashik Irrigation Network
In western India, the water for irrigation is supplied by the open inundation channels of the reservoir having its predominant distribution there. The Irrigation management faces issues of less capacitated water distribution systems than its apex requirement, has irregular supply rate, low inundation efficiency, and consistency. It is important to measure the delivered water supply with required water delivery in proportion to its demand. The auto water elevated gauges which are fixed at the back and front segments of each inundation canal at the left bank channel of the Godavari river assess the discharge of supplied water during the irrigation period. In the current research, the computation would be conducted for the water delivery performance indicators such as competency, productivity, prominence, and rectitude, which are fundamental for the assessment of the irrigation and drainage system management. According to the water supply performance indicator, the inundation ability is calculated with an automatic water gauge. It is measured from the structural and transient channeling of water discharge to examine the inefficiency of water supply management. The cumulative results of the performance indicator demonstrate the enhanced methods to develop water management policies that will facilitate the irrigation planners with improved temporal consistency and reasonable water distribution.
Planform Dynamics of Kankai River using GIS and Remote Sensing
The Kankai river is a rainfed perennial river of eastern Nepal and carries a large quantum of silt, and enters in Kishanganj of West Bengal, India. Recently, a bridge collapsed in a village in the Kishanganj district due to a rise in the water levels of the Kankai river. This paper presents a study of the dynamics of changes in channel planform and measurement of the erosion and accretion of the Kankai river in Bihar, India from 2000 to 2018. Spatial data were processed in GIS to determine the changes in sinuosity, centreline migration rates, and extent of erosion, and deposition of sediment. The maximum river shift was obtained as 800 to 1600 m and the minimum river shift varied from 6 to 70 m. With a sinuosity ratio for the whole reach of the river of 1.45, the Kankai river is considered a sinuous river and needs river training works at the erosion sites.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in parts of Jalna district of Maharashtra, India using Water Quality Index
In the present study, fifty-five groundwater samples were collected from the parts of the Jalna district of Maharashtra, India. The water samples were analyzed to determine various physic-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. The groundwater's geochemical control and hydrogeochemistry were evaluated using the Piper plots and water quality index (WQI) The hydrochemical analysis reveals that the groundwater is predominantly of CaNaHCO type, Water quality index (WQI) indicates that 33% and 2% of groundwater 3 samples fall in poor and very poor categories for drinking purposes.This study reveals that groundwater quality is unfit for drinking purposes at a few places. The effective leaching, dissolution process and rock-water interaction process are the main sources for degrading the groundwater quality.
Development of Soil Moisture Index for Planning Water Management in the State of Sikkim (India)
Soil moisture and soil temperature are two important parameters that have a wider implication on crop production. The fluctuation in soil moisture and temperature has an impact involving climate, vegetation and drought. The presence of soil moisture does not ensure its availability to a crop but the force by which water is held by soil particles is important. The amount of work done to extract soil moisture is generally expressed as stress. It is necessary to understand the extent of stress for proper water resources management. The soil moisture index (SMI) is a criterion that denotes the extent of stress experienced by a crop. The temperature also has an impact on germination and production. In the present study, we developed an SMI for different locations in Sikkim. The index ranges from +5 to -5. The negative index indicates extreme stress. The study indicated during winter the index goes beyond-3. Considering wilting point stress as 500 and 700 kPa. The soil temperature was 0 also observed to fall below 15 C. Further, it was observed that soil temperature and moisture are strongly correlated. The SMI can play an important role in adopting suitable water management practices for improved crop production.
Macro-level study on Climate Change effects on agriculture and human health in Western Himalayas: A Review
The current study reveals that the western Himalayas has a fragile ecosystem, highly susceptible to rapid changes in land morphology due to the consequences of climate change. Land-use and climatic change in this region has negative impacts on agriculture and human health. Increasing temperature, erratic precipitation, and rising CO2 concentrations are the main drivers which show adverse effects on agriculture and human health. The impacts trends in this region can be categorised into exacerbated pathogenicity are pathogens, and hence disease outbreaks, changes in the traditional agriculture techniques, and people's migration that directly changes in ecological and leading to social inequalities. In the last few decades, there have been changes in vector species distribution in agriculture and increases of forest pest species attacks by climate change in agriculture and forest pest increases, and parasites are emerging during periods of these last few decades. Enhancement of seasonal transmission and distribution of pests pushes food insecurity and vector-borne infections deteriorate human health. This review article tries to analyse different literature on the effects of climate change on agriculture and human health in the Western Himalayas and suggest agroforestry and agroecology is some of the strategies to overcome climate change impact.
Sujalam Suphalam (SS) : A multi-stakeholder Water Resources Management Approach
Rejuvenation of existing water bodies is an important element to achieve village water security in the context of both drinking and agriculture water requirements. Rejuvenation of the water structure leads to the creation of storage or increase in the storage capacity of the existing structure, eventually aiding to groundwater recharge. “Sujalam Suphalam” is a District level time-bound program that focuses on the improvement of village water resources by undertaking the restoration of existing water bodies, and watershed treatments for the augmentation of groundwater. It is an effort to make a parched village 'water abundant' by creating water infrastructure that instils the notion of ownership amongst the stakeholders which is an important element in arriving at a sustainable solution for drought frequented regions in a short period of time. Sujalam Suphalam (SS) takes a multi-stakeholder approach to arrive at village water security. The multi-stakeholder design of the programme involves the Government (State and District Administration) – Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana (BJS) - Community/Farmers Group – like-minded civil society organisations and advocacy groups (public representatives and newspaper & electronic media) as the stakeholders. Where Government authority provides necessary sanctions and takes full ownership of the programme, BJS provide their services of heavy machinery and support the Government in programme execution, implementation, community mobilisation, data management and monitoring. This program promises rejuvenating water structures that store run-off generated during monsoons, which recharges groundwater, these earthen works also provide an essential resource to the farmers which is silt to enhance individual farmer's productivity. SS has helped in increasing the agricultural income by bringing the larger area under irrigation and enhanced the income from agro-allied diversified activities. By desilting percolation tanks, water harvesting tanks and village nalas (rivulets) BJS has not only enhanced the storage capacity of these structures but also increased the period of water availability in the parched villages. It increased the number of days of drinking and domestic water availability accessible to all habitations within a village. The approach promises to reduce the gap between demand and supply of both, water and silt, in a short period. It also garners active participation from the farmers that leads to effective management of community water resources by enhancing the capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions and individual farmers. Since the implementation of IWRM projects back in the 1970s, many water storage structures were created in drought-prone villages. But often it was found that very few programs were concentrated on rejuvenation or repair of these water bodies. Often the Gram Panchayat was given charge of these water bodies who lacked the necessary guidance and resources to rejuvenate or repair. Sujalam Suphalam program is focused on rejuvenation or repair of government and community-owned water bodies. These processes demanded the active participation of district administration, gram panchayat, progressive farmers, farmer boards at village level and those who were on the periphery of these institutions. This paper reviews the multi-stakeholder sustainable water conservation approach adopted by Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana with the support of the government of Maharashtra and Karnataka. The paper also highlights the main components of the programme, methodology of the programme, execution, key achievements, impacts and critical lessons learnt.