Volume 2 Issue 3

Soil moisture and soil temperature are two important parameters that have a wider implication on crop production. The drop of soil moisture and temperature has an impact involving climate, vegetation and drought. The presence of soil moisture does not ensure its availability to a crop but the force by which water is held by soil particle is important. The amount of work done to extract soil moisture is generally expressed as stress. It is necessary to understand the extent of stress for proper water resources management. The soil moisture index (SMI) is a criterion that denotes the extent of stress experienced by a crop. The temperature also has an impact on germination and production. In the present study, we developed a SMI for different locations in Sikkim. The index ranges from +5 to -5. The negative index indicates extreme stress. The study indicated during winter the index goes beyond-3. Considering wilting point stress as 500 and 700 kPa. The soil temperature was also observed to fall below 15 C. Further, it was observed that soil temperature and moisture are strongly correlated to each other. The SMI can play an important role in adopting suitable water management practices for improved crop production.Due to various environmental and natural or artificial disturbances, determining the purity of river water is an important task. The challenge is that getting the water quality within the standard permitted levels for drinking, industrial, and agricultural applications are deemed extremely challenging. The impact of agricultural operations and residential pollutants on Mahanadi Basin water quality was assessed. The purpose is to investigate the Mahanadi River’s water quality using the water quality index method and GIS software. For an 18-year detection time, twenty parameters were collected (2000-2018). These constituents were measured to learn more about their geospatial distribution and pollution levels. A broad catchment area with 19 water quality sites was chosen because the rivers and streams pass through a geomorphic, geographical, hydrologic, and industrially diverse region. PH levels are slightly alkaline. Other parameter analysis results were compared to WHO-recommended maximum allowable limit values. In this investigation, the WQI values calculated vary from 28.28 to 60.10. The Mahanadi River has a well to poor water quality rating, according to the WQI map. However, two stations, Cuttack D/s and Paradeep, have low water quality. All of the other sites are in a good category. The most significant contaminants are TC, BOD, and TKN. As per Nemerow’s pollution index, some parameters had greater values above the WHO’s acceptable and allowed thresholds. Furthermore, Pearson’s coefficient analysis demonstrated a significant and particular association between the variables under study. Despite the conflict between development and conservation, this result will undoubtedly aid policymakers in achieving sustainable environmental management.

Ponds play an important role in the retention of water, supply of aquatic products, and biodiversity of an area. A pond ecosystem is a composition of plants, animals, microorganisms, and the physical environment in which they live and has different elements that work to maintain ecological balance. Tripura is known for its abundant pond ecosystem, which the community manages for its livelihood purpose. In this study, three different-sized ponds were selected from the Khowai district of Tripura. The water physic-chemical properties and plankton diversity of three different sized ponds were assessed as per the standard procedure. It was observed that the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is high in the large pond, whereas the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) was found to be less in this category of the pond. However,the DO level was higher in small ponds, and the medium pond is also within the acceptable limit. The pH results also revealed that the water has become chiefly alkaline in a large pond and moderately acidic in a medium pond. During the study, 43 species of phytoplanktons from 4 families were identified. Maximum species (31) were recorded from small ponds followed by medium (17 species) and a large pond (15 species). The most dominant phytoplankton families were Chlorophyceae (37%) and Eugleanophyceae (26%) in pond ecosystems. Though the small-sized ponds are more diverse and suitable for aquatic life, however, the large-sized ponds are economically viable for this region. So, the people and Government should take some initiatives for conserving those pond ecosystems for the betterment of society.

Since precipitation and temperature are the major driving factors for the fragility of the Himalayan ecosystem and resources, it is crucial to understand the changes in temperature and precipitation under climate change scenarios to take appropriate adaptation measures. This work, therefore, examined the changes of precipitation and temperature under all Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) scenarios of climate change in the Sikkim Himalayan region of India. The datasets from two different global circulation models (GCMs) have been used to analyseSikkim’s;s daily precipitation and temperature for the near, mid, and far future. The linear scaling bias correction method (LCBCM) was employed to remove the bias because of a significant difference between the raw and observed monthly climate data for both GCMs.The predictions based on bias-corrected GCMs data under all RCP scenarios indicated that Tmax and Tmin are projected to increase in the near, mid and far futures. The projection of CSIRO_MK 3.6 model indicated that the increase in Tmax from near to far ranges from 1.0 to 1.5°C, 0.8 to 2.8°C, 0.4 to 2.3°C and 0.5 to 4.2°C under the four scenarios, respectively. Similarly, the projected to increase in Tmin from near to far ranges from 1.5 to 2.0°C, 1.1 to 3.5°C, 0.5 to 3.0°C and 0.8 to 4.5°C in RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 scenarios, correspondingly. The results also showed that in climate change scenarios, the rate of precipitation is expected to increase, which could lead to the rise of snowmelt and flooding in the near future. This study is recommended to increase the number GCMs in future studies to reduce the uncertainty in future prediction and utilize the LCBC method for bias correction.

To avoid the Urban Flooding scenario during rainy season, accessing the ground reality of the study area and running a SWAT analysis would help us to access and study the sub catchment parameters. The present case study of IIT Delhi campus will help us to deal to provide a solution to storm water management problem in an urbanized area. A two-dimensional (2D) SWMM model will be used to access the natural stream flow in the study area and 24 hours rainfall data is used as input parameters. This model will assess how to design an efficient drainage system and how we can overcome the flooding phenomenon. This study provides the insights that how importance it is channelized storm water flow according to natural stream flows.

To avoid the Urban Flooding scenario during rainy season, accessing the ground reality of the study area and running a SWAT analysis would help us to access and study the sub catchment parameters. The present case study of IIT Delhi campus will help us to deal to provide a solution to storm water management problem in an urbanized area. A two-dimensional (2D) SWMM model will be used to access the natural stream flow in the study area and 24 hours rainfall data is used as input parameters. This model will assess how to design an efficient drainage system and how we can overcome the flooding phenomenon. This study provides the insights that how importance it is channelized storm water flow according to natural stream flows.