Editorial : Water Management during the Pandemic Times
Bharat R Sharma Scientist Emeritus (Water Resources) and Editor, JWEAM
International Water Management Institute, New Delhi
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Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Mapping Groundwater Resources in Different Environ
S.N. Rai Ex-Chief Scientist, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad,India
Abstract
A major share of water supply to meet the ever increasing demands for domestic, industrial and irrigation usages isderived from groundwater resources which are distributed over the entire globe. These resources are invisible fromground surface. The need for their delineation with high precision has led to the continuous advancement in thegeophysical survey techniques and interpretation theory. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is an outcome of suchadvancement in the conventional electrical resistivity methods used for exploration of this sub-surface natural resourceon the basis of distinctive reduction in the electrical resistivity value of groundwater bearing geologicalformations/structure in comparison to their host environs devoid of water. Objective of this paper is to present anoverview of the application of ERTin delineation of groundwater resources in complex geological setup of problematicareas, sources of geothermal water, and delineation of groundwater pockets in mining areas in order to prevent naturaldisasters such as landslide in open cast mines with the help of related case studies. This kind of knowledge about theoccurrence of groundwater/geothermal resources is essential to achieve the preset objectives of their management.
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Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zone and Flood Risk Zone in Cachar District area,India
Kumar Ashwini,Shehnaj Ahmed Pathan, Briti Sundar Sil Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, 788010, India
Abstract
Cachar district is one of the most populated districts of Assam, India. The region has been exposed to frequentcatastrophic flood during monsoon which is responsible for sufferings of the community. The uncertain or shiftingpattern of rain in recent times apart from usual monsoon has further escalated the woes of this area. The LOOK EASTPOLICY and quest for the development of this part is causing rapid industrialisation and urbanisation, which demandsan additional source of freshwater opposed to traditional demand in irrigation and other domestic needs in this region.This demand for freshwater is vertical in the graph and continuously rising. Consequently, the source of freshwater inthe area is depleting and further mismanagement will be devastative for resources of water in the entire district. Tosatisfy the demand and to ensure sustainable development in the region, there is an urgent need for its conservation andmanagement aimed to ameliorate water resources. With this idea behind the present investigation is to pinpoint floodrisk zones as well as to demonstrate the variability in groundwater prospects in Cachar District, using geospatialtechnology. The study is based on thematic maps of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), elevation, soil type, rainfall,lineament density, drainage density, slope, and aspect in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. Thegroundwater potential zone (hereinafter, GWPZ) areas have been classified into five zones, viz; Very low, Poor,Moderate, Good, and Very Good. About 74.37% of the total area comes under Moderate GWPZ. To identify Flood Riskareas, the whole district has been categorised into Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, and Very High, risk flood zones.About 50.47% of the total area of Cachar District has been found under Moderate flood risk zone. The study at handmay help decision-makers in identifying the GWPZ and earmarking High-Risk Flood Zones for the planning ofintegrated water resources management.
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3
Production of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea) Plant and Seed of Rohu (Labeo Rohita) in a Recirculating Aquaponic System
A.K.Verma , M.H. Chandrakant , R.M. Peter ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai-400 061, India
S.K. Nayak , D.S. Reang , H. Javed ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Dist. Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh- 461 110, India
Abstract
A 60-day experiment was conducted to optimize fish and plant component ratio in a recirculating aquaponic system. Three different fish: plant component ratio of Rohu (Labeo rohita) spawn to Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) plant viz. T1 (40 spawn:10 plants), T2 (40 spawn:14 plants) and T3 (40 spawn:18 plants) were assigned as treatments. All the treatments were compared for fish growth, plant growth, and various water quality parameters were observed to determine the best component ratio which maintains better water quality and gives better growth. Among all the treatments, the higher growth rate of fish was observed in T2 (5.08±0.12) followed by treatment T3>T2>C. At the end, the total production of spinach in terms of weight was 508.10±8.89 g in T2 followed by treatments T3 and T1. Based on the results, the fish: plants component ratio of 40 spawn:14 plants can be recommended for production of rohu seed and spinach in recirculating aquaponic system.
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Evaluation of Pan Coefficient Models and Trend Analysis for a Station in Coastal Andhra Pradesh
P. Heramb Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand,India
P. K. Singh Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
Irrigation scheduling needs an accurate estimation of crop water requirement and can be done using pan evaporation data which is easily available across the country at various meteorological stations. This study aims to evaluate different K models for a station in coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. A10-year meteorological data from 2006 to 2015 was used for p the study. The results indicated that the Snyder method was able to successfully estimate K and ET accurately on an p 0 annual time scale and during the months of January to September. However, Cuenca and FAO-56 K equation for dry p fetch gave a better result during the months of October to December. The trend detection for the estimates was taken up for the study period. The trend analysis showed that the K estimated by FAO 56 PM showed some declining trend p whereas the K estimated by the other models in the study showed positive trend during the study period for the region.
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Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Bijnor District,
India usingWater Quality Index
Surjeet Singh , Sumant Kumar, A. K. Singh National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee (Uttarakhand) INDIA
B. Chakravorty National Institute of Hydrology, Centre for Flood Management Studies, Patna (Bihar) INDIA
M. Raju 3
School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad (Telangana) INDIA
Abstract
In the present paper, geochemical characteristics of groundwater have been studied using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Piper trilinear diagram. The water quality index offers a quantitative representation of overall quality of water for any intended use and helps in pollution abatement programmes and management. Whereas, the Piper diagram shows graphical representation of the hydrochemical facies of a set of water samples. In the present work, twenty-five groundwater samples were collected from various locations in the Bijnor district. The samples were investigated for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total hardness, fluoride and trace metals. The Piper trilinear diagram showed ++ – that groundwater of the district is Ca-Mg-HCO type. Ca and HCO were found dominant ions among cations and 3 3 anions, respectively. The WQI was found in the range of 71 to 86, which indicated that the samples fall under the fair to good category. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) checks were also applied to examine the water quality for the drinking purpose. The results revealed that most of the water quality parameters are within the permissible limits except iron and manganese. Based on the results, groundwater of the Bijnor district needs treatment for drinking purpose for the locations where the WQI is found below 75
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Understanding Sensitivity of the Soil Moisture Routine Parameters using Integrated Hydrological Modelling System (HBV) in a Small Semi-Arid Agricultural Watershed
H. N. Reddy , Abhishek Ranjan , D. M. Denis 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vaugh Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India,
Abstract
Hydrologic processes and their principles are universal. However, the magnitude and impact of hydrological parameters influencing these processes vary along with space and time. Researchers since several decades are in the process of understanding and simulating them. One of such simulation is through the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavedlning (HBV) model developed at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) Stuttgart, Germany. This work explains how this model will perform in semi-arid conditions to understand the most sensitive parameter influencing soil moisture, among all and calibrate their optimum values. The watershed chosen is small agricultural watershed in a semi-arid region with fertile soil and limiting water. The study revealed that the “LP” a soil moisture value above which the evapotranspiration reaches its peak is the most sensitive. Thereafter parameters “fc”, “athron”, “ ” “cflux”, “pcalt”, “perc”, and “khq” follow suit. These parameters are sensitive within -10% and β +10% of their optimum values. Other parameters as prec”, “cevpl”, “alfa”, “hq”, “recstep”, “soilstep”, “stf, “uzlo” have new values that are not similar to the original values as recommended. All values have been tested for their one at a 2 time sensitivity using the objective functions values of the root mean square error , BIAS, Relative error, R and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. This indicates that the model does perform well in semi-arid conditions to simulate the Soil Moisture Routine of an agricultural watershed. It is recommended that the HVB can be used in semi-arid conditions for successfully simulating the Soil Moisture processes.
